Quality Management Planning Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality Management Planning Strategy - Essay Example This means the current processes need to be improvised to continually achieve better and higher outcomes. For this, the company will be adopting an overall Total Quality Management (TQM) approach, which will focus on overall improvement of the company, its processes, products and services with the help of knowledge and experience of all employees. This approach is highly flexible and can adopt various practices (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). Implementation of TQM across the organization is done through various tools and techniques in congruence with the nature of the work. The manufacturing units will use Six Sigma and Lean methodology by which the quality and efficiency of product manufacturing will be judged and continuously improved to achieve Six Sigma level of accuracy. Six-Sigma will be based on data and statistics of products and their quality. Moreover, lean methods will help in eliminating wastage and in reducing manufacturing costs. To maintain healthy and safe work environment, effective and well-defined processes for disposal and storage, and safety methods will be followed at all locations (Organization-wide approaches, n.d). The standardized processes for manufacturing across all locations will be retained; however, to reduce the manufacturing lead time, raw materials will be acquired on a Just-in-time (JIT) basis (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). However, considering the fluctuating demand and rapidly changing market environment, the product process will follow the pull process, which adapts production to customers’ demand. Benchmarked targets will then be applied for individual production units on an hourly, daily and monthly basis till the project is completed. Quality Circles will be formed at every location with small group of employees who will assess the quality of all functions and products.

Number grid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Number grid - Essay Example Upper Left No. UL*LR UR*LL Difference 1 23 63 40 26 1248 1268 40 33 1815 1855 40 48 3360 3400 40 55 4235 4275 40 62 5208 5248 40 78 7800 7840 40 TABLE 2 As the table indicates, no matter where we place the square in the grid the difference in the product of the corners for a 3 x 3 square is always 40. Table 3 below are the results of a square that is 4 x 4 placed randomly on the grid. Upper Left No. UL*LR UR*LL Difference 1 34 124 90 17 850 940 90 24 1368 1458 90 36 2484 2574 90 41 3034 3124 90 53 4558 4648 90 67 6700 6790 90 TABLE 3 As the table indicates, no matter where we place the square in the grid the difference in the product of the corners for a 4 x 4 square is always 90. Table 4 below are the results of a square that is 5 x 5 placed randomly on the grid. Upper Left No. UL*LR UR*LL Difference 1 45 205 160 16 960 1120 160 23 1541 1701 160 35 2765 2925 160 42 3612 3772 160 56 5600 5760 160 TABLE 4 As the table indicates, no matter where we place the square in the grid the difference in the product of the corners for a 5 x 5 square is always 160. Table 5 below are the results of a square that is 6 x 6 placed randomly on the grid. Upper Left No. UL*LR UR*LL Difference 1 56 306 250 15 1050 1300 250 23 1794 2044 250 23 1794 2044 250 21 1596 1846 250 32 2784 3034 250 45 4500 4750 250 41 3936 4186 250 TABLE 5 As the table indicates, no matter where we place the square in the grid the difference in the product of the corners for a 6 x 6 square is always 250. Table 6 below are the results of a square that is 7 x 7 placed randomly on the grid. Upper...This is true for a 2 x 2 square and all other sizes. However, the difference in the product of the corners is dependent upon the size of the square. As the size of the square gets larger, the difference in the product of the corners also increases. But is there an algebraic relationship between the size of the square and the difference of the product of the corners Can we calculate the difference by knowing the size of the square Table 10 lists the results from the previous investigations. As we have seen, no matter what size square is used, we can use algebra to calculate the number of possible squares and the difference in the product of their corners. This applies to all possible combinations placed on the grid.

Social Problem In Jakarta

Social Problem In Jakarta Nowadays in Jakarta, there are many problems that trouble the civilians in Jakarta. Since Jakarta is the Central of Indonesia and have the biggest population, we must care and protect each other because we are living in the same city. Many factors which cause damages in all areas, these problems are high level of pollution which makes the environment dirty and spread out some dangerous diseases. The next problem that sometime causes death is poverty because the poor people who cannot afford to buy some food are forced to starve to death, or maybe they couldnt get medication for their sickness. These problems interest me to observe and study about these things. I would like to help make Jakarta, a better place for the citizens of Jakarta itself. There are a lot of problems are happening here in Jakarta, like flood, poverty, etc. These problems create a bad image in the world; moreover the problems are caused by us. We cant deny that all these problems are difficult to solve. Everyone should work together, and to realize the urgent need them. The government should issue strict rules and regulations, and to fully bind them, so that it wont be easy to broke Poverty The Poverty rate in Jakarta is very high. Poor people scattered in many places. The number of the population in Jakarta is way too high compared to job vacancy or job opportunities. This lack of job vacancy causes unemployment to rise beyond prediction. The unemployment causes difficulty for the people to raise their living. Some of them are lazy to work, but the rest of them still want to work. The people who want to work, some of them dont have the chance because the problem in their education level. Maybe their parents dont have enough money to send them to school. This lack of education could cause many troubles. Starts from crime, some of them are depressed because they cant have a job, they might steal from the other, and furthermore they would kill the person to get money if it is necessary. But not all thieves are poor people and lowly educated person, but some are lazy and want to make money faster in the wrong way. These thieves wouldnt be tolerated in the society because these law breakers risk other peoples lives. These thieves become thief not because of their own will, some of them HAVE to be thief to live their life, they cannot think of any other way to get money in the right ways. They are too depressed and cant even think about it. Next its about beggar, too many beggar in Jakarta, they are countless. In each traffic light you will see them, and maybe you will get shocked because most of them live in the traffic sidewalk, not one, but the whole family live in there, can you imagine that? The worst thing in there is that there are some ungrateful parents send their son or daughter to be beggars. And there are people which collect the children by renting them and make the children work for them, being a beggar in the street. And if they cannot make money, these people who rent these children will give punishments to them. These punishments are harsh ones, such as slapping, punching, kicking, and even break their leg or hand in order to attract the sympathy of the people, so that these people would give money to them. However, whatever type of begging is not good, because people could find work if they really desire it. And the last is about people who are dying, they cannot get money for themselves, maybe some of them have to search foods in garbage dump, which possibly contains various kinds of diseases. They cannot buy medicine to recover themselves, once they are contaminated by these diseases. And they just wait about the death time. Some people are suffering and they died because of it. We know the government have started to find the solution and they have started to move. They have to make regulations about these problems in Jakarta, about people whose caught do crime will be send to the jail and must pay some value of money, about the beggar and place them in one place to take care of them, and about the children who dont have parents, those poor people too. The government should take care about them. The poverty in Jakarta is very easily noticed, those beggar in the street. They appear in nearly each and every sections of Jakarta. The fact that we are rich, but we cant protect whats rightfully ours. Like those islands claimed by the other nation, not to mention our sea territories, if only the government works harder, we wont have lost those territories. Our country is not supposed to side with the businessman, our nation fund the companies which as an equity already. When this occurs, a huge amount of money is spent for nothing, and some of them simply go to corruptors pocket. Our country is supposed to facilitate the poor-middle economic class society, so that they can live up, and improve their living Facilitating the poor-middle economy class society is a key to our success, if we could send these people to start a new life in those island which stolen already, the other nation wouldnt have disturb our complete nation. This solution can hardly be treated as a project, this solution is not meant to isolate the poor, but to give them chance of a new life. If the economy of Indonesia is strong, there is no doubt that we are secured and no other countries would dare to disturb us or to steal anything from us Corruption In the dictionary there are six definitions of Corruption. There are: Lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain in a state of progressive putrefaction Decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation) Moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles Destroying someones (or some groups) honesty or loyalty; undermining moral integrity Inducement (as of a public official) by improper means (as bribery) to violate duty (as by committing a felony) The word corruption is fairly common here in Indonesia, particularly in the government of Indonesia. We can define Corruption as taking something from someone which doesnt belong to you. It is not exactly stealing; the difference is that Corruption is not always known or visible. The person who steals is called thief and who corrupts are called corruptor. The act of the thief like stole money from the bank, hijacking, etc. thats an open crime and we can see it. Its different from corruptor they not like thief. The acts are different. For example: their boss gives them $100 to deliver to the hospital. But they allocate or take some of them, for instance $10; maybe not all knows because they take the money hidden or invisible. Most of the person who are doing corruption that they have given the trust from their boss or the other so they can do things like that. In Jakarta the word Corruption is familiar to most of the people; they know that Corruptions happened everywhere, by everyone, in everything. For instance, you father give you 100.000 to buy one pair of shoes, and that shoes cost for 50.000. You must return 50.000 to your father but you just return 25.000 and you say that the cost of the shoes is 75.000 because you want spend the other 25.000 for the other things. That is the simple example of corruption which happened in here, for simple things, and for little amount of money. Those things happened in the government too. The differences are the size of the corruption with huge amount of money. Thats why KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) is created. The KPK itself have their own problem. Sometimes they work very well, but sometimes not. I dont know why the people who do Corruption in the Government do Corruption. I thought they have good salary, but why they still do Corruption. Are their salaries not enough for them? I never see th e governmental people lack of money. Maybe this is because their nature. Human never satisfied of everything. They have got high salary, but they still want get money, in the wrong way. Why they dont think to invest their money to business, and whatever in the right way. The people in the government must concern about the society. The society chooses them to be government official. And they should work to help the society. But how if they still doing Corruption, that will make disadvantages for the society. They must change their own way of thinking. The connection between Corruption and the fifth Principle As we know, corrupt mean taking something which not belong to you and disadvantages the other people. The fifth principle (Social Justice in Indonesia) is against the corruption. Just say about the governmental corruptor. They take something that making disadvantages to the society. They took money which not belongs to them. They dont care about that. They just need money. That is against the fifth principle. There isnt justice in there. They can do that corruption because their job in the governmental, the missing their job. They have job in government so they got more chance to do corruption. It is not very good. They dont even thinking about the people who doesnt have anything. Cant afford food for them. I think the peoples who work in governmental is have education background and have studied about Pancasila, so they must know about that, about do corrupt is not good, but still they do corruption. How if they still like that? They not are being a good example for the society. They didnt want to improve the Indonesia. They dont care about that. Too selfish and just think about the ir own needs. Traffic Jam Next about Traffic Jam. Traffic jam happened in many places in Jakarta. Particularly in the morning, when the student and the worker go to their school and office. The traffic jam happened because too many private car in Jakarta. I think the government should take care about it, they must control it. They can look from the other countries. Making the tax of the Vehicle high. So less people will use private car. In our transportation system, the problem is not only too many cars, the problems are the maintenance of the traffic light, the government is very unconcerned about his problem, if one is broken, itll take more than a month for the government to deal with it. The traffic jam is not governments responsibility; its all of the civilians responsibility Pollution Next is about pollution, about air pollution. Many things that causes air pollution. Start from the factories, the waste disposal. The waste is smoke, black smoke. Next from the vehicle. Many cars in Jakarta are not use properly. I mean the Car is supposed to use just for 5 years but they use it more. And they car which not take care by the owners. They didnt change the oil, did not tune-up the car. That can cause air pollution. Those cars will produce black smokes The car producers dont concern about the environmental balance, they only concern income, interest, revenue, and anything connected with money, in short economic factor. We are not blaming the car producer; this case isnt problem for them. However the government should concern about this, by rising private car tax, so that the producer would reduce their productivity. There are two things we should do; the first thing is not to extent the licenses of old cars, because old cars used to make more pollution compared to the new ones. This method is going to be applied by the government. The second method which is to help the consumer to regenerate their cars is going to be done by the producer itself Dangerous Waste The household waste which is simply thrown to the river is a problem, however its not so dangerous compared to the factorys waste, if the factorys waste is thrown to the river, the river might be poisonous, same thing goes for the hospital waste. There are a lot of reports of these threatening waste, but the government remains immobile The waste from the hospital is most dangerous, because its from there the deadly viruses flow to the rivers, rivers in which poor people used for bath, drink, and to wash dishes and clothes. These waste supposed to be allocated in the right way, if this pollution keeps happening, it will kill more people. Disease Because pollution happened everywhere, there is a big chance that it will cause diseases, mainly breathing diseases, such as TBC, which is one of the most deadly diseases. This pollution also caused the pollution of the water, it can also infect the land, so that, the land will became dysfunctional. Global Warming Global Warming happens because of the dangerous smoke which is mainly produced by factory and vehicles, especially cars and motorcycles. These gases are more than capable to destruct the ozone layers. Moreover these gases can cause diseases, mostly breathing problem, like cough, or lung failure. The ozone layer is very important because it is protecting us from the ultraviolet ray produced by the sun. Which means the earth is getting warm each and every second. The warming of the earth affects the ices in both poles, they melt faster than predicted, which means the sea level will increase drastically, the whole world is going to drown. Less Planting This lack of green planting reduces the green areas in the city which is the heart of the city. Because plants inhale CO2, which is a polluted gas, in the afternoon, and exhales oxygen, which is the gas we are breathing with, in the night. These plants are also able to absorb water to prevent flood. Flood (No Respiration Area) Because we lack of plants and trees causes lack of respiration are, so when its raining, there is no respiration, if the rain is getting harder, it may causes flood, which inflict great damages and loss everywhere and in every sector Too Many Rubbish Rubbish is one of the biggest problems in Jakarta. There are not enough spaces for the overflowing rubbish. What is worse is that the citizen of Jakarta doesnt realize the importance to keep the environment clean. People simply throw their rubbish anywhere, anytime, which will mess everything up. We should educate our children not to litter everywhere they like, they should put the trash into the trash bin. Littering properly is a must, in order to prevent flood and unhealthy environment. Because the environment is dirty, diseases are likely to spread. We cant deny that the trash wasted by the citizen of Indonesia is too much, what makes it even messier is the insufficient space to gather the trash. In order to solve this space problem, we have two solutions; the first is to burn all the trash, or to recycle them. However several parties have wrongly used the term recycle to their own advantages. For example, they recycle safety rubber into a chopstick cover. This is of course an unh ealthy thing to do, the viruses and bacteria from the condom would spread. Government should help and supervise the process of recycling, so that no one would break the law, and corrupt the environment. Especially for those who unaware of the environment. Clean Water Clean Water citizen of DKI Jakarta, will continuing to need clean water, in order to fulfill the needs of drinking and cooking. The clean water which supplied by PAM Jaya is not enough because there are some problems; In the south of Jakarta still need clean water seller to supply to the citizen which lack of water to drink and to cook. In the rain times, my central city Jakarta and the other places seems to have much water. More if the flood came, the water seen in everywhere. The rivers full of water. But, there question about that: Can that water be consumed by the people; because, according to the experts, the water in the river or water from the flood had been contaminated many kinds of bacteria. Water of the river in the central city has been proved full of Koli bactery that came from feces. Millions people of Jakarta and near Jakarta daily have a bad behavior to throw the garbage or Pee and Poo in the rivers. There are thirteen rivers that come from the north of Jakarta bearing viruses, and many other dangerous substances. The river is wrongly used as a garbage dump. Conclusion The conclusion is we and all the people expect no one must make awareness for them to build and make a good behavior to not litter, etc. And be social and dont be too selfish to just care about yourselves. Because human is social creature that need the others to live and to fulfill the needs. Care about the others too. Care about yours environment. Care about your Country. Care about your City. Care about Jakarta.

Good Instructor :: essays research papers

Whether a good or bad instruction can affect the learning of students. A lot of instructors had been teaching me through out my years in school. No doubt some of the instructors are good and some of them are bad. Whether the instructor is bad or good cannot be judge by his or her education background. It is also important that they have a good way and method of treating and teaching their student. Teaching individually will be very effective, however, it will not happen in a classroom. In order to be affecting in the classroom, I think the instructor should be patient to the students, understand how people learn, be familiar with the difficulties people have with learning, then recognize these difficulties when they occur in class and know how to overcome these difficulties, and finally plan and be prepared to teach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard for an instructor to teach a lot of student with different learning ability at the same time; therefore, the primary factor to teach is patient. Patient is a primary thing to be an instructor. There are a lot of student in a classroom. The instructor should know that different person has different learning ability. Some Student may learn very fast but some learn very slowly. The instructor should not expect all students get the knowledge right after he taught. Student may ask a lot of questions or need to be explained a lot of time to understand the material. The instructor should be patient to the student when dealing with different students. Knowing that there are a lot of materials from the book to cover in a school year, a well skilled instructor should always plan ahead for the lecture. Remember there are poorly skilled instructors too - most of us have had inexperienced or poor teachers. Good Instructor :: essays research papers Whether a good or bad instruction can affect the learning of students. A lot of instructors had been teaching me through out my years in school. No doubt some of the instructors are good and some of them are bad. Whether the instructor is bad or good cannot be judge by his or her education background. It is also important that they have a good way and method of treating and teaching their student. Teaching individually will be very effective, however, it will not happen in a classroom. In order to be affecting in the classroom, I think the instructor should be patient to the students, understand how people learn, be familiar with the difficulties people have with learning, then recognize these difficulties when they occur in class and know how to overcome these difficulties, and finally plan and be prepared to teach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard for an instructor to teach a lot of student with different learning ability at the same time; therefore, the primary factor to teach is patient. Patient is a primary thing to be an instructor. There are a lot of student in a classroom. The instructor should know that different person has different learning ability. Some Student may learn very fast but some learn very slowly. The instructor should not expect all students get the knowledge right after he taught. Student may ask a lot of questions or need to be explained a lot of time to understand the material. The instructor should be patient to the student when dealing with different students. Knowing that there are a lot of materials from the book to cover in a school year, a well skilled instructor should always plan ahead for the lecture. Remember there are poorly skilled instructors too - most of us have had inexperienced or poor teachers.

Immigration and Security Essay

The article, in a general context, raised the question on whether the concept of diplomacy and democracy has come back into the ideologies of the United States Government?   After utiliziation of progress reports on the issue, the writer came up with a central argument suggesting that the United States government, with direct intervention by The Whitehouse, finally came up with a well-crafted solution that does not require the use brute force. Article writer David Silverberg (2007) stated that the compromise stipulated the following: Existing illegal aliens in the country (United States) can apply for residence Visas and eventual citizenship.   Up yo 4oo,oo temporary employees can be admitted into the country for temporary employment but would have to leave after 2 years.   The act will then open new portals for educated, skilled English-Speaking illegal aliens that have long conformed to the old system of family ties prevalent in the past. (2007) A certain premise of the article pointed out that the United States government had promulgated a possible solution to a problem that had been plaguing several of its major policies.   The first policy violation was on illegal immigration, which caused disorient on the   government funding because anti- illegal immigration efforts brought additional costs and damaged the American economy in general. The other was the   destruction of the myth of the connection between illegal immigration issues and terrorism which affects the United States government’s war against terrorism.   In connection, it was without a doubt that the United States have started filtering the country of foreigners particularly of Middle-Eastern heritage as an initial reaction to the Al Qaeda attacks in 2001.   In spite of the fact that most illegal immigrants were quite useful in doing menial tasks, immigration policies intended for homeland security threats would not be efficient if it did not consider illegal immigration matters (Farnam, 2005, p. 168). The said issues answered the â€Å"So what?† question due to the fact that issue of illegal immigration in the United States draw mixed opinion from American citizens and political figures (Pew Hispanic Center, 2006, p. 1).   It was in this regard that the main point of the article was very convincing in giving the importance to the matter, for the United States government appeared to have lost the sense of diplomacy in executing its policies directed toward national security after the 9/11 attacks.   The compromise mentioned by Silverberg then was the first non-hostile resolve on a national security matter. The issues that the article tackled was not unique in any way for illegal immigration was already a serious matter in the United States since the late 19th century.   The issues of illegal immigration started in the United States in 1882 (Lui, 2007), wherein the United States government banned most Chinese laborers because of threats of cheap labor which undermined the economic stability of the country (Smith & Edmonston, 1997, 23). Silverberg articulated several points, primarily on how the compromise became   reasonable and fair, and how it will be beneficial to all the parties involved.   The reason behind Silverberg’s judgment was grounded on the logic of the advocates who, because of their conflicting points of view, created dilemma in the legal and ethical perspectives.   The dilemmas also affected the United States constitution, particularly immigration laws and human rights of the illegal aliens. Silverberg first bequeathed the side of   the anti-illegal immigration advocates who argued that the United States constitution never tolerated mass law-violations, therefore such neglegeance should be punished accordingly.   Sileverberg conversely showed compassion over poverty stricken individuals who sought for a better life in the United States, he also argued that penalizing illegal aliens was not a viable option for it will violate the policies of human rights.   Second is the explanation of the side of the liberals who contested that illegal immigrants cannot afford legal fines that would be imposed.   However, a simple humane point cannot justify the unconstitutional act of massive law breaking, hence, this is also not the perfect solution to the predicament. In a different note, Silverberg also attempted to pesuade readers in a securing perspective, that proposed counter-measures against illegal immigration such as investments on additional border patrol officers, more sophisticated border security technology, as well as construction of new detention facilities and extra efforts on identification of undocumented immigrants will tremendously affect the results of the compromise.   In spite of   the cost, Silverberg argued that the American government will reap a lot of fruit in their investments.   Furthermore, Silverberg believed that despite all of the expenditures, the act and the counter-measures will provide favorable opportunities for the United States. Silverberg also pointed out careful and proper timing in implementation was a key factor for a rush in implementation may cause a difficulty in the process or disastrous results.   Given the account that the proposition was a compromise, a wreckless execution of concepts may cause discrepancies in the status of illegal aliens. Silverberg only provided the idea of the compromise which is the only element close to literature in the article.   However, the articles arguments were solidified by cited comments from key contributors such like Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Senators Ted Kennedy, Jon Kyl, and John McCain who supported and rejected the idea of the compromise respectively. The given sources provided Silverberg with ingenuity in crafting solid arguments which highlighted the importance of the subject matter at hand.   Though the method of data collecting was not well explained or expounded, Silverberg managed to analyze the nature of the problem, the objectivity of the proposed solution, and plausible solutions to avoid the problem from repeating again.   In this sense, the study can be replicated for the compromise generated numerous ideas for preventive methods.   Furthermore, conducting a more formal study may serve as an eye -opener to the parties involved because the concerns of the article were inclined on how the United States government could lessen the violation of human rights in implementing policies. The variables Silverberg used were the parties involved, the â€Å"against† party and the â€Å"pro† party together with the points argued by the two opposing sides.   Because as   previously mentioned, the article pointed out the irrationalities and flaws of the advocacies which lead to the connotation that the article’s premise was the alternative point of view on the matter. There were no exact findings or results yet as the compromise is still under the stages of development.   However, Silverberg managed to give a rough estimate that the compromise can practically give a positive light to all the parties involved.   Silverberg gave particular emphasis on the universal nature of the compromise in how it addressed all the concerns of the parties involved.   He also concluded that the efficiency of the compromise , regardless of ammendments, would be solid if ample time is given to perfect it. The findings were therefore comprehensive and complementing with the central argument and main points for Silverberg was capable of explicating how the compromise satisfied all sides in conflict.   Judging from the arguments and the plausible solutions given, Silverberg successfully stimulated the importance of the matter.   The article’s conclusion then proved to be full-proof for one of the conditions included careful implementation and sufficient time for ammendments and revisions. Silverberg thoroughly addressed the implications of his conclusions particularly on how he gave emphasis on the dilemma created by the opposing sides.   Through explanations of the advocacies, Silverberg made a comprehensive defense of his main arguments about the advantages and impartiallity of the compromise. References Farnam, J. (2005). US Immigration Laws Under the Threat of Terrorism. New York: Algora Publishing. Lui, C. (2007, May 7). How Illegal Immigration was Born. American Heritage. Retrieved 23 May 2008, from http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20070507-chinese-exclusion-act-california-chester-a-arthur-immigration-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906-paper-sons.shtml Silverberg, D. (2007, May 22). The Immigration Debate and Homeland Security. Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 21 May 2008, from http://hstoday.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=284&Itemid=151 Smith, J.P., & Edmonston, B. (Eds.). (1997). The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. The American Public Opinion on Immigration in Spring 2006: A review of Major Surveys (2006). Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.

Barack Obama Back to School Essay

On September 8th 2009, the president of The United States, Barack Obama gave a speech called â€Å"Back to School†. The speech was about the responsibility that you have as a young individual – responsibility you have for yourself, your teachers, parents, and your country. Obama mentions, among other things, that you have to attend school to find out what your good at, and what you want to make of your future. He says that without education your never going to get the job you want most. He says that what you make of your education is going to determine the future of the country and if you quit school and quit on yourself, your giving up on our country. Throughout the speech, Obama makes references to not only his own life experiences, but also, the American dream. He ends his speech by saying, that it is hard to be successful and that you have to fight to achieve your goal in life. You have to practice, study hard and not be afraid of asking people for help. Furthermore he ends his speech by asking his audience questions and to say that he has great expectations for this new generation. The President of the United States Barack Obama is the speaker of the text â€Å"Back to School†. His audience is not only the young people at Wakefield High School, but moreover young people attending school in all over America. P. 1 l. 1: â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today? † It is already indicated in the first line that he is trying to level with his audience, the young students, despite of his status. Furthermore he uses the words â€Å"I know†, and almost turns them into a phrase. With this phrase, which appears several times through the text, he indicates to the audience that he knows their feelings or thoughts. The imagery in this speech is very vivid, showing what success looks like, and what an individual could make of their life. With the use of small and simple sentences Obama tries to get the point across that school is important and one needs an education to survive in this world. The length of the speech shows how adamant he is of children staying in school, and trying to better their future. There is a lot of repetition in the speech, stating that school is important, and an education is necessary in life, and that you cant get what you want without practicing hard, studying even harder and always trying your best. There seems to be no form of alliteration in this speech. Many people use the alliteration of speech to capture the audience and individual minds. Obama references to many other famous people who have failed many times and still succeed. â€Å"J. K. Rowling’s — who wrote Harry Potter — her first Harry Potter book was rejected 12 times before it was finally published. Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team. He lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career. But he once said, ‘I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that’s why I succeed. ’†. The language of this poem shows that the speech is meant for a young audience, possibly kindergarden-12th grade. Barack talks about staying in school, a the responsibility an individual has as a student. He directly addresses the audience, by using the word â€Å"you†. He uses a very direct tone in order to capture the audience in a better way. With the use of logos, the spectators can better understand what the President is saying to them by using his own experiences, and journeys. Trying to sound like president Kennedy, Obama makes the audience feel comfortable, and makes them feel like what he is saying is true. He uses promptness and sternness to show how serious education is, not only for yourself, but your country. Toward the middle of his speech Obama says â€Å"The truth is, being successful is hard. You won’t love every subject that you study. You won’t click with every teacher that you have. Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute. And you won’t necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try. † This helps ones mind feel at ease with knowing he’s speaking the truth.

Free Essays on Greece And Rome

Rome and Greece both had similarities in the way they were built. Both were formed on the edges of a body of water. Both relied on the land and surrounding area for hunting and agriculture. In Greece, the first city was built on the palatine hill. They proceeded to build other structures in the same area; mostly this is the hill in which homes were built on. The built their capitol on Capital hill. Also on the same hill they built temples to worship in. Cliffs that were hard to reach surrounded Capitol Hill. They had many stages in the development in Greece. The Cycladic stage was first; here they relied on metalworking and developing trade routes. The Cycladic stage ended around 1550 BC. The Minoans came next. In this stage they formed the first stages of writing and law. This stage came to an end in 1220 BC. The Dark Ages were from 1200 to 800 BC. In this period they formed a military, had a population problem, and were constantly at war with one an other. In Archaic Greece they expanded on writing and literature. The religion they followed was based on gods and goddesses. From 500 to 100 BC they went through major changes. They had an ever-changing leadership, took a more appealing look at art, gave women more of a public life, and fought with the Peloponnesian wars. Rome has a very small history compared to Greece. They built on the banks of the Tiber River. They also had Capitoline hill and Palatine hill. They also had a Forum; this is where all their trade was done. The Romans had their own alphabet, language, laws and government. Between 509-146 BC they changed from a city to empire. They carried the language of Latin. The Romans also fought wars. The First and Second Punic Wars took a tremendous toll on Rome. The similarities between the two are numerous. The two governments both had rule over the people. They also had high taxes in both. The two were different in respects to the type of gove... Free Essays on Greece And Rome Free Essays on Greece And Rome Rome and Greece both had similarities in the way they were built. Both were formed on the edges of a body of water. Both relied on the land and surrounding area for hunting and agriculture. In Greece, the first city was built on the palatine hill. They proceeded to build other structures in the same area; mostly this is the hill in which homes were built on. The built their capitol on Capital hill. Also on the same hill they built temples to worship in. Cliffs that were hard to reach surrounded Capitol Hill. They had many stages in the development in Greece. The Cycladic stage was first; here they relied on metalworking and developing trade routes. The Cycladic stage ended around 1550 BC. The Minoans came next. In this stage they formed the first stages of writing and law. This stage came to an end in 1220 BC. The Dark Ages were from 1200 to 800 BC. In this period they formed a military, had a population problem, and were constantly at war with one an other. In Archaic Greece they expanded on writing and literature. The religion they followed was based on gods and goddesses. From 500 to 100 BC they went through major changes. They had an ever-changing leadership, took a more appealing look at art, gave women more of a public life, and fought with the Peloponnesian wars. Rome has a very small history compared to Greece. They built on the banks of the Tiber River. They also had Capitoline hill and Palatine hill. They also had a Forum; this is where all their trade was done. The Romans had their own alphabet, language, laws and government. Between 509-146 BC they changed from a city to empire. They carried the language of Latin. The Romans also fought wars. The First and Second Punic Wars took a tremendous toll on Rome. The similarities between the two are numerous. The two governments both had rule over the people. They also had high taxes in both. The two were different in respects to the type of gove...

Napster Scandal essays

Napster Scandal essays The Napster Case: A Working Outline, in Progress I Introduction: We wonder what is the correct position to take over the issue of whether Napster is legally and morally correct in its argument that it is a legitimate enterprise. We do not yet have a final consensus thesis. According to Napster, The non-commercial sharing of music is "common, legal, and accepted" (Rebuttal), and furthermore the sharing of digital information of all kinds is commonplace in the new digital age. II The Anti-Napster position Lars Ulrich suit against Napster: "We have many issues with Napster. First and foremost: Napster hijacked our music without asking. They never sought our permission our catalog of music simply became available as free downloads on the Napster system" (Ulrich). Lou Reed "Artists, like anyone else, should be paid for their work." (Artist/Manager Quotes) Matt Johnson of The The says "Stealing is stealing regardless of what name you choose to call it. You get people saying 'I've been a fan of yours for twenty years, I'm entitled to have it for free'. Well I'm afraid you're not. That's no different to me than going down to the local greengrocers and saying 'well, I've been coming here for twenty years and so I'm going to help myself to all your fruit and vegetables from now on thanks very much" (Artist Manager Quotes). Scott Stapp, lead singer/ lyricist for Creed: The day I decided to share my music with the world, was the day I decided to walk the fine line between art and commerce. I have been blessed in that I do what I love and can support my family with what I create. When my music is given away, as taboo as it is for me to say, it is stealing. I need not defend my motives for making music, but the distribution of my music has made me business conscious. I have decided to sell my music to anyone who wants it, that is how I feed my family, just like a doctor, lawyer, judge, or teacher. Not t...

Julissa Brisman and the Craigslist Killer

Julissa Brisman and the Craigslist Killer On April 14, 2009, Julissa Brisman, 25, was meeting a man named Andy who had answered a masseuse ad that she had placed in the Exotic Services section of Craigslist. The two had emailed back and forth to arrange the time and agreed on 10 p.m. that night. Julissa had an arrangement with her friend, Beth Salomonis. It was a security system of sorts. When someone would call the number Julissa had listed on Craigslist, Beth would answer the call. She would then text Julissa that he was on the way. Julissa would then text Beth back when the man left. At around 9:45 p.m. Andy called and Beth told him to go to Julissas room at 10 p.m. She sent a text to Julissa, with a reminder to text her when it was over, but she never heard back from her friend. From Robbery to Murder of  Julissa Brisman At 10:10 p.m. the police were called to the Marriott Copley Place hotel in Boston after hotel guests heard screams coming from a hotel room. The hotel security found Julissa Brisman in her underwear, lying in the doorway of her hotel room. She was covered in blood with a plastic zip-tie around one wrist. EMS rushed her to Boston Medical Center, but she died within minutes of her arrival. At the same time, the investigators were looking at hotel surveillance photos. One showed a young, tall, blond man wearing a cap on an escalator at 10:06 p.m. The man looked familiar. One of the detectives recognized him as the same man who Trisha Leffler had identified as her attacker just four days earlier. Only this time his victim was beaten and shot to death. The medical examiner said Julissa Brisman had suffered a fractured skull in multiple places from being hit with a gun. She was shot three times- one shot to her chest, one to her stomach and one into her heart. She had bruises and welts on her wrists. She had also managed to scratch her attacker. The skin under her nails would provide the DNA of her killer. Beth called Marriott security early the next morning. She had not been able to get in touch with Julissa. Her call was routed to the police and she received the details of what had happened. She hoped by providing the investigators with Andys email address and his cell phone information that it would be of some help. As it turned out, the email address proved to be the most valuable clue to the investigation. The Craigslist Killer Brismans murder was picked up by the news media and the suspect was dubbed the Craigslist Killer (although he is not the only one that has been given this moniker). By the end of the day following the murder, several news organizations  were aggressively reporting on the murder along with copies of the surveillance photos that the police had provided. Two days later the suspect emerged again. This time he attacked Cynthia Melton in a hotel room in Rhode Island, but he was interrupted by the victims husband. Fortunately, he did not use the gun that he had pointed at the couple. He opted to run instead. Clues left behind at each attack led the Boston detectives to the arrest of 22-year-old Philip Markoff. He was in his second year of medical school, engaged and he had never been arrested. Markoff was charged with armed robbery, kidnapping, and murder. Those close to Markoff knew the police had made a mistake and arrested the wrong man. However, over 100 pieces of evidence had turned up, all pointing to Markoff as the right man. Death Before there was a chance for a jury to decide on who was right, Markoff took his own life in his cell at Bostons Nashua Street Jail. The Craigslist Killer case ended abruptly and without the victims or their loved ones feeling like justice had been served.

Zirconium Oxide Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zirconium Oxide Manufacturing - Essay Example The essay "Zirconium Oxide Manufacturing" talks about the zirconium oxide characteristics that allow it to be a refractory insulating material, industrial manufacture of crucibles and production of alkaline zirconate. The essay also describes the process and routes for industrial manufacture of Zirconium oxide including chlorination, alkali decomposition, lime fusion and precipitation of the acidic reagents. Zirconium is usually obtained from sand as a raw material for the production of zirconium oxide. The zirconium sand is calcined with either lime or a mixture of lime and magnesia. The resulting product is an alkaline earth zirconate and sodium silicate and zirconium oxide can be recovered from sodium zirconate free from alkalis to obtain it in its pure form, the impurities must be removed first. Water is added to the mixture of Sodium silicate and sodium zirconate which are in solid form and this result in the formation of a complex hydrated zirconium hydroxide with a high level of alkalinity. In order to separate the salts, the process of precipitation is conducted using sodium either sodium oxide or sodium carbonate and these results in the formation of zirconium hydroxide and from the hydroxide of zirconium, zirconium oxide can be obtained. Therefore, it's possible to achieve an energy efficient system that can be used to manufacture Zirconium oxide in and industry and this requires that the proper temperature and time period is maintained for the reactions to take place effectively.

Auditing and Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance - Essay Example The omission is considered as immaterial if it does not affect the decisions of the users of financial statements. If the discrepancies in the information provided by the financial statements are material, the auditor needs to check and cross-check the effects of the misstatement on the financial statements as a whole. For instance, a misstatement in the inventory is required to be evaluated through an evaluation of combined effect of its relevant and linked accounts. The materiality of this misstatement, hence, would consider the accumulated impact on inventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxes payable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes and net income after taxes (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, Audit Reports, 2012). The relationship of materiality and opinion is tied with a lengthy process of auditing the financial statements. This relationship, hence, influences the way an auditor works by deciding on the extent and scope of auditing. Materiality determines if the auditor needs more time to be spent on certain areas of financial statements. Moreover, it also decides the nature of the report and the type of opinion. A material misstatement, for instance, results in a qualified, disclaimer or an adverse report if it affects the decisions of the users. Auditors are responsible to discover and report direct-effect illegal acts in the same manner as errors and frauds. On the other hand, there are limitations to detect and report indirect-effect illegal acts. The direct-effect illegal acts are detectable as, usually, they have a financial impact in terms of, for example, tax calculations etc.; whereas, indirect-effect illegal acts are not easily determinable as they are more related to the company’s work procedures, environment and conduct. The three levels of

Genesis 12-15, 18 summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Genesis 12-15, 18 summary - Essay Example Abram builds an altar in the mountain to honour him: making it a tradition in every places he pitches tent. He made covenant with God in this alter that on His (God) promises to him. There was a time famine struck the land he was dwelling in causing him to enter Egypt by lying that Sarai was his sister. The government officials see her beauty and forward her to Pharaoh who promises Abraham a lot of wealth and slaves in exchange for her. Later the lord strikes the house of Pharaoh with plaques after which pharaoh learns of the deceit thereby confronting Abram. In the end Abram leaves Egypt chastened and wealthy. Among the many promised to him, the lord likens his Abram’s descendants to the stars in the sky. Abraham goes through so much around that period and by chapter 15, the lord changes his name from Abram to Abraham and his wife from Sarai to Sarah. In chapter 18, the Abraham is visited by three people as he was sitting at the entrance of his tent. He greats them in recognition as his Lords and welcomes them in; offering food and a place to sleep. They ask of Sarah and promised Abraham that a time like that the next year, she will be carrying a baby. Of course due to her old age Sarah laughs it off. When walking out the servants noticed Sodom and Gomorrah and how wicked the place was. Abraham pleads with them not to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah. The servants decide to leave that place without destroying it since Abraham had pleaded that there might about ten people who are still righteous in the eyes of the

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing - Essay Example The focus of the case study is on the Tata Ultra-Low Cost Car. The Tata Nano is a small car targeting the lower echelons in the society. The product has several distinct features such as size, engine size, design and speed. The car borrows from the principles used in the production of the Volkswagen Beetle and the British Mini popular with the Mr. Bean films. In all cases, the cars were produced to meet a certain market segment and increase the ease of acquisitions. The performance and efficiency of the cars may not be compared to other luxurious cars, but the main goal of the cars is to reduce cost of purchase, as well as maintenance (Hollensen, 2007, p. 287). The car has registered mixed fortunes in the market since it was officially launched into the market. The marketing of the product may be the weak link, but there are still other improvements to be implemented in the product to succeed. Additionally, the product will face stiff competition from Bajaj motors who also intend to produce fuel efficient cars that fit in the same category as the Tata Nano. Market Segmentation for Tata Nano Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market using a certain way in order to target a certain set of buyers or consumers. In the past, most companies employed mass marketing with the exception of the motor vehicle industry which initially targeted the rich, but later covered the middle class and the current trend are to incorporate the low end earners (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 34). To incorporate them, Tata Motors produced the Tata Nano. Tata Nano is nicknamed the â€Å"people’s car† based on the specification and performance stipulated by the company. The cars were rolled into the market in 2006 with the Nano have different specifications (Beverly and Thomson, 2011, p. 67). The four-door Nano is over 10 feet long and nearly five feet wide. The size indicates the targeted market segment because the bigger the size the higher the cost of the vehicle. In addition, it is powered by a 623cc two cylinder engine as compared to the standard four cylinder engines. The reduction in the cylinder numbers is to reduce fuel consumption. In the process of reducing the fuel consumption, other features are eliminated. The maximum speed of the car is 65 miles per hour, which is slightly slower compared to luxury cars. The location of the wheels of the vehicle at the extreme ends improves the handling. It has a small trunk for load carriage (Allen, 2010, p. 89). The product design ensures cost of production is reduced while ensuring that the needs of the customers are met. The product targets the low end users in India which has several challenges (Cleland and Ireland, 2006, p. 45). India is marked with a serious challenge in terms of transportation because of the increased traffic snarl ups and jams. These traffic jams leads to loss of fuel and affects people's wealth. The production of the Nano ensures easy transportation and lower cost even in t raffic jams due to the low consumption associated with the car. The lower echelons in the society have already been targeted by other companies such as the production of the Maruti 800 by the Maruti Udyog Ltd. The Nano has distinct advantages over the Maruti 800 because of the seating space, luggage space and cost. The product’s target market of the middle class and low echelons in the society must be evaluated to obtain brand association. The middle class in India cannot be

Biographical Analysis of Hannah Altazan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographical Analysis of Hannah Altazan - Article Example Different than many of her peers, Hannah actually enjoyed attending school. She appreciated the relationships that were developed with her teachers and classmates, as well as the information she learned in the process. Hannah would go on to attend Pearl River High School. As Hannah entered high school, her interest and appreciation of school further developed. During this period she further extended her interest in education by reading many texts in addition to her homework. As Hannah progressed through high school and realized that she would be attending college, she began to consider potential career paths and areas of study. With her interests in mind, a career in education as a teacher was an obvious career path to assume. After Hannah decided to pursue a career in education she began to further consider potential subjects she could teach. Hannah thought back to her childhood experience with her sister and began to recognize that her particular experience could be expanded to include many individuals with disabilities. Hannah believed her experience with Kinley would provide a strong background for helping other students. She was also inspired by her relationship with Kinley, such that she was highly motivated to help others with their challenges. Ultimately, her profound experience with Kinley and interest in education led her to decide to study to become a special education teacher. After deciding to study to become a special education teacher, Hannah went about further researching her interest. With this newfound passion in mind, she began working at the Pearl River High School’s special education department. While Hannah had experiences helping Kinley with various tasks, her participation at Pearl River’s special education department brought her into contact with students with many difficulties.  Ã‚  

The relevance of portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model Essay

The relevance of portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model to an investor or fund manager in the equity markets - Essay Example rd from the portfolio theory and further evaluates the risks that an investor will be bearing upon buying a portfolio; under the assumption that this is risk that the investor will have to bear no matter what he does. Fund managers and investors need to then decide whether or not an investment is worth making based on this information. Although the two help bring to light the various aspects of market risk, they are still not a 100 percent reliable which will be further discussed. The portfolio theory revolves around the selection of the best investment strategies in terms of risk; i.e. it focuses on the risk surrounding the equity market and the return or gains from any transactions. In essence an investor or fund manager would need to look at the portfolio theory to make a clear contrast between what is risk and what is simply uncertainty. The fact is that any discussion of an equity market will need some insight on the aspects of the risk associated with any venture or portfolio. This is imperative due to the nature of the equity business which is primarily based on risk itself, and also has a hand in defining the way market values of investments are given foundation (Brentani 2004). It is the idea of risk versus return which is mainly what attracts an investor or fund manager to a portfolio. Theoretically speaking one would want to create such a portfolio which offered an insight into the best risk-return opportunities against the given set of risk constrictions. This would enable the investor to increase the chances of maximizing his returns. An efficient portfolio will not only help him do this but also attain a higher return as opposed to a lower one. Practically speaking, using the portfolio theory is important because the outcome of risk and return is unknown. It is because of risk that there is more than one possibility for an investor or fund manager; this includes returns that are on the mark, higher and even lower than previously expected. Without

Biographical Analysis of Hannah Altazan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographical Analysis of Hannah Altazan - Article Example Different than many of her peers, Hannah actually enjoyed attending school. She appreciated the relationships that were developed with her teachers and classmates, as well as the information she learned in the process. Hannah would go on to attend Pearl River High School. As Hannah entered high school, her interest and appreciation of school further developed. During this period she further extended her interest in education by reading many texts in addition to her homework. As Hannah progressed through high school and realized that she would be attending college, she began to consider potential career paths and areas of study. With her interests in mind, a career in education as a teacher was an obvious career path to assume. After Hannah decided to pursue a career in education she began to further consider potential subjects she could teach. Hannah thought back to her childhood experience with her sister and began to recognize that her particular experience could be expanded to include many individuals with disabilities. Hannah believed her experience with Kinley would provide a strong background for helping other students. She was also inspired by her relationship with Kinley, such that she was highly motivated to help others with their challenges. Ultimately, her profound experience with Kinley and interest in education led her to decide to study to become a special education teacher. After deciding to study to become a special education teacher, Hannah went about further researching her interest. With this newfound passion in mind, she began working at the Pearl River High School’s special education department. While Hannah had experiences helping Kinley with various tasks, her participation at Pearl River’s special education department brought her into contact with students with many difficulties.  Ã‚  

Animal Testing Is Cruelty and It Is Abusive Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Is Cruelty and It Is Abusive Essay Is animal testing cruelty or science? This is the question that many people ask to themselves, and is one of the many controversial topics in today’s society. In my point of view animal testing is cruelty because animals can’t talk for themselves so they get kill and hurt, and we also violated their right by doing this. Anjo a member of the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) said â€Å"Animals feel pain; they have a right to decent life† (Nancy Day 2000, pg. 12). It is difficult to determine how many animals are used for research, but experts agree the number is declining. Research use animal for experiments because animals’ bodies often react in ways that are similar to the ways in which human bodies react. Animal research proponents say that almost every major medical discovery in the last hundred years has involved experiments on animals. â€Å"Jonathan Balcombre of the Humance Society of the United States estimates that between 15 to 20 million vertebrate animals are currently used each year in the United State and between 60 and 80 million are used worldwide† (Nancy Day 2000, pg.13). According to Chris DeRose, founder and president of Last Chance for Animals said, â€Å"I’d give my own life to cure cancer. I don’t, morally and ethically, however, have the right to kill a single rat; I don’t care what preposterous justification they try to use?†(Nancy Day 2000, pg.14). Many animal activists are opposed to animal experimentation on moral ground because by getting animal for experimentation we are violating their right. Animal research proponents say the morality is in saving human lives. They point to the millions of people whose lives have been saved or improved through research on animal. Between these two positions, influenced by tides of public opinions, government regulation, cultural differences, and ethical considerations. Most people agree that some guidelines or regulations should control animal experimentation. Peggy Carlson, a physician in the Washington D.C. area and a research scientist for the Humane Society in the United S tate, â€Å"As an emergency room physician I often see the suffering of patients ill and dying from diseases that could have been avoided if more resources were devoted to prevention, if healthier dietary guidelines were advocated, and if more research applicable to humans was conducted. I also know that behind this human suffering is another level of suffering, more hidden from view: the suffering of animals used in costly and needless experiments that benefit no one†( Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.29 ). Peggy Carlson concluded that the practice of using animals for experimentation to mimic or to study human diseases is often unreliable and occasionally misleads scientific investigation. Not only that but million and billions of dollars are wasted in animal experimentation. Animals are used in experiments for three general purposes: to find out how biological systems function or what factors affect behavior; to educate and train students in medicine and science; and to test drugs, chemicals, or products to determine their safety and effectiveness. Neal Barnard said, â€Å"Animal tests have caused a very substantial loss, in terms of loss of money, in terms of the loss of good minds being devoted to a very, very limited methodology, and in terms of indicating that c ertain things are true which weren’t true†( Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 27). One alternative to using animals for medical experimentation is to use human beings instead. If this seems shocking, keep in mind that human experimentation is already a very large and important part of medical research today. Many scientist claims that people are living longer because of animal experimentation, but studies have shown this to be false. â€Å"Researcher in Boston and Harvard University’s found that medical measures (drug and vaccines) accounted for at most between 1 and 3.5 percent of the total decline in mortality in the United State since 1900. The researchers noted that the increase in life expectancy is primarily due to the decline in killer epidemics, such as tuberculosis, scarlet fever, smallpox, and diphtheria. The facts about these infectious diseases are that they were declining before and in most cases long before specific therapies became available. The decline of these diseases was most likely due to such factor as improvement in sanitation, hygiene, diet and standard of living† (Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg. 50). However, medical research has played an important role in improving people’s lives without animal experimentation. â€Å"The list of advances made without the use of animal is extensive and includes the isolation of AIDS virus, the discovery of penicillin and anesthetics, the identification of human blood types, the need for certain vitamins and the development of X-rays. The identification of risk factors for heart disease and probably one of the most important, the discovery for decreasing death from heart attacks was made through human population studies† (Nancy Day 2000, pg.58). As we see in the previous paragraph many medical solution were found without conducting animal experimentation. I also found that this discovery were more accurate and less expensive compare to animal experimentation. One of the major problems with animal experiments is that the results frequently do not apply to humans. Irwin Bross, Ph.D., former director of biostatistics at the Roswell Institute for Cancer Research testified before congress in 1981 that â€Å"while conflicting animal results have often delayed and hampered advances in the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer.† ( Nancy Day 2000, pg.45) Animal tests that attempt to predict which substances cause human cancer have also been shown to be unreliable. If studies have shown that the experimentation on animal has shown to be unreliable why does scientist keep wasting their time killing innocent animal. Instead they should try to find difference source that could help find a solution to cancer. When I was researching, I found that neurological diseases are another major cause of death and disabilities in the United States. Again, animal experimentation in this area has not correlated well with human diseases. In 1990 an editorial in the Journal Stroke noted that 25 compounds that have being proven effective for treating stroke in animal models over the last 10 year have not proven to be effective for the use in human’s strokes. Stephen Kaufman, M.D., reviewed animals model of such degenerative neurological disease as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and conclude that â€Å"animal models designed to improve our understanding and treatment of these condition have had little impact and their future value is highly dubious†(Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 20). According to the International League of the Right of animals; â€Å"all animals are born with an equal claim on life, are entitled to respectful treatment, and have the right to live freely in their natural environment.† Some people refused to accept that animals have rights because animals cannot reason, write, speak, or crea te art, just because of these their life deserve less consideration than human lives† (Nancy Day 2000, pg.72). However, according to Tom L. Beauchamp, â€Å"research indicates that many animals exhibit the same types of mental capabilities as humans† (Nancy Day 2000, pg.74).Chimpanzee provide excellent example of animal intelligence. The fact that chimpanzee can use tools, recognize and decode symbols, and perform tasks on command proves that the distinction between people and animals is dubious at the best. â€Å"It is clear that animals are intelligent beings, but it is not necessary that they have intelligence in order to be worthy of rights. If a creature’s moral significance depends in the intelligence, then people with little potential for intelligence – brain damaged humans, the mentally retarded, or the comatose would not be worthy of the same consideration as fully functional humans† †(Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 81). All human and nonhuman life, regardless of its intelligence, is unified by one important quality: animal, like humans, possess the capaci ty to suffer. Despite whether animal have intellectual abilities, it is impossible to argue that animal do not feel pain; an animal in pain screams and writhes just as a human does. Ingrid Newkirk, the founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), describes this essential similarity: When it comes to having a nervous system and the ability to feel pain, hunger, and thirst a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy(Nancy Day 2000, pg. 100). One of the major problems with animal experiments is that the results frequently do not apply to humans. Irwin Bross, Ph.D., former director of biostatistics at the Roswell Institute for Cancer Research testified before congress in 1981 that â€Å"while conflicting animal results have often delayed and hampered advances in the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer† (Nancy Day 2000, pg.113). Animal tests that attempt to predict which substances cause human cancer have also been shown to be unreliable. If studies have shown that the experimentation on animal has shown to be unreliable why does scientist keep wasting their time killing innocent animal. Instead they should try to find difference source that could help find a solution to cancer. When I was researching, I found that neurological diseases are another major cause of death and disabilities in the United States. Again, animal experimentation in this area has not correlated well with human diseases. In 1990 an editorial in the Journal Stroke noted that 25 compounds that have being proven effective for treating stroke in animal models over the last 10 year have not proven to be effective for the use in human’s strokes. Stephen Kaufman, M.D., reviewed animals model of such degenerative neurological disease as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and conclude that â€Å"animal models designed to improve our understanding and treatment of these condition have had little impact and their future value is highly dubious†(Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.112). Two other areas where animal experimentation has been both consumptive of health care dollars and unproductive are psychology and addiction. Using animals to test therapeutic drugs has also proven unreliable. Penicillin kills guinea pigs and hamsters, but it is very beneficial for humans. Thalidomide, a tranquilizer formerly prescribed for pregnant women with morning sickness, caused serious birth defects in more than 10,000 children, but does not cause birth defects in numerous species of nonhuman animals. The significance of pain should not be judged by the value of the sufferer—a friend, an annoying classmate, or an animal. If morality requires us to refrain from inflicting pain upon other people, then it should require us to refrain from inflicting pain upon animal as well, and, according to Richard Ryder, consultant with the Political Animal Lobby. We can treat different species differently, but always we should treat equal suffering equally. In the case of nonhumans, we see them mercilessly exploited in factory farms, in labratories, and in the wild. These are major abuses causing great suffering, yet they are still justified on the ground that these creatures are not of the same species as ourselves. The main difference between animals and humans is the ability to make ethical judgments. Animals cannot distinguish between right and wrong; humans can. Some opponents of animal rights maintain that since animals do not have the ability to make moral decisions, they do not deserve moral consideration. Actually, the reverse of this argument is true: â€Å"The human capacity to act morally obligates us to prevent animal suffering. It does not give us license to cause it† (Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.88).

Polymer: The Glass Transition

Polymer: The Glass Transition Formulation Chemistry Polymer: The Glass Transition In the solid state, semicrystalline polymers exhibit both amorphous and crystalline morphology. The glass transition is a property of only the amorphous portion of a semi-crystalline solid. [1] The glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature at which the amorphous materials change between the glassy and rubbery form. 1.1 Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers The amorphous polymers consist of molecules that are oriented randomly, unlike the crystalline ones which have polymer chains packed in ordered, repeating patterns in the three-dimensional crystal lattice. However the glass transition is different to melting because only amorphous polymers undergo the glass transition. Melting is a transition that occurs in crystalline polymers when these chains are disoriented from the crystal structures and become liquid. A sample of semicrystalline polymer can be composed of both amorphous and crystalline portions, therefore it can have both a glass transition temperature and a melting temperature. 1.2 Glassy and Rubbery States Below Tg, the amorphous regions of a polymer are in a glassy state and most joining or contact bonds are intact. [2] The molecules may be able to vibrate slightly, but are virtually motionless in which portions of the molecule wiggle around. Therefore polymer is generally hard, brittle and rigid. As the polymer is heated until it eventually reaches its glass transition temperature, the molecules start to wiggle around. In inorganic glasses, more bonds are broken with increased thermal fluctuations; while in organic polymers, non-covalent bonds between chains also become weaker. By heating above Tg, there is long-range segmental motion where the polymer chains can move around easily. It is now described in its rubbery state which offers flexibility and softness for plastic deformation without fracture. Below Tg, the chains are firm and unbendable to relieve the force being applied. This is due to either (a) the chains are strong to resist the stress; or (b) the force applied is excessive for the motionless polymer chains to overcome, so the polymer sample will just break or shatter.[1] Such mobility with temperature is heavily dependent upon the â€Å"heat† content because Tg is a kinetic parameter. The Tg decreases with slower melt cooling rate. It is also affected by other factors listed in section 1.4. Heat is a form of kinetic energy that causes random motion of molecules and the pliability of polymer, in comparison to â€Å"cold† polymers which lack kinetic energy to move around and hence are brittle on cooling. Example of this behavior is the glass transition of chewing gum. It is soft and pliable at body temperature, characteristic of an amorphous solid in its elastic, rubbery condition. The gum then turns hard and rigid when it comes into contact with cold drink or ice cube in the mouth. 1.3 Glass Transition vs. Melting The differences are outlined in the table below: Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Theories and Treatment Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Theories and Treatment Introduction Modern cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) grew out of the merging of behavioural therapy, developed in the 1950s to 1970s, and cognitive therapy developed in the 1960s (Graham, 2004). Broadly, it attempts to deal directly with a clients manifest symptoms through both cognitive and behaviour strategies. Cognitive theories target particular irrational beliefs which are thought to be the source of behavioural and emotional problems. Historically, CBT is well-established in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but has only been adapted more recently for use in psychosis (Tarrier, 2002). This essay will first examine the theory and practical treatment of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) using CBT. Then the treatment of psychosis will be considered in the same way, but concentrating on the similarities and differences to the treatment of anxiety. CBT Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder The main feature of GAD is excessive and uncontrollable worry (Wells, 2002). The DSM-IV states that for a positive diagnosis of GAD, the worry must occur more days than not over a period of six months (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The DSM-IV also lists a number of somatic and cognitive symptoms which include, for example, muscle tension. A variety of different treatments have been used for GAD including both directive and non-directive therapies. Fisher Durham (1999) examine the effectiveness of different treatment methods and the number of clients making a full recovery. The most successful treatments in their meta-analysis were CBT which achieved a recovery rate of 51% and applied relaxation which achieved a 60% recovery rate. To understand how GAD is treated using CBT, it is necessary to understand the model of worry that it is based upon. Beck (1976) produced the most widely referenced model of anxiety which links emotions and thinking. In this model it is the patients thoughts and images relating to anticipated danger that immediately precede, and cause, anxiety attacks. In appraising their environment, anxious patients overestimate both the likelihood and severity of a negative event occurring and so take defensive action (Blackburn, 1995). Under the umbrella term of CBT a number of different approaches to treating GAD have been used. They normally focus on two main factors: cognitive work aimed at challenging the clients beliefs and thought processes as well as behavioural work teaching anxiety management strategies (Wells, 2002). Borkovec (2002) describes the cognitive aspect of CBT as focussing on how the client perceives the world and attempting to move this onto a more accurate footing. Generally, this is done by eliciting how the client is perceiving events in an anxious way. Then, the client is encouraged to apply logical thought processes to their own perceptions to challenge the way they are thinking. The therapist attempts to supplant these original thought processes with cognitive interpretations that do not lead to increased anxiety. Clients are usually given homework in which they attempt to identify anxiety attacks, what preceded them and what followed them. Hopefully, by demonstrating to the client that their catastrophic predictions do not occur in reality, it is possible to break down the automatic negative thoughts. Some researchers have been critical of this basic cognitive approach as it does not focus on meta-cognitive factors (Wells, 2002). A revision to the model has been added by Wells (1995) who introduces the distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 worry. Type 1 worry is that referred to above the worry about physical symptoms and external events. Type 2 refers to worrying, as it were, about worrying: meta-worrying. Type 1 worrying is dealt with in approximately the same manner described above, but greater focus is given here to Type 2 worrying. Type 2 cognitive interventions focus on two factors: the uncontrollability of the worrying and appraisals and beliefs about the dangers of worrying. Once negative meta-cognitions have been elicited, they can be challenged and worked with in the same way as before. An example of this type of metacognition is that a client can believe that worrying is harmful because it increases blood pressure and thereby this is harmful to the body (Wells, 2002). The therapist would address this by explaining that occasional high blood pressure is not associated with chronic health problems. The second aspect in treating anxiety by CBT is the use of behavioural strategies (Borkovec, 2002). This involves teaching the client techniques for relaxing their body such as meditation, progressive muscle relaxation and relaxing imagery. Clients are encouraged to practice these techniques even when they are not anxious so they feel comfortable with their implementation. In addition, in some circumstances clients will be exposed to situations which make them anxious in order to provide realistic practice opportunities (Borkovec, 2002). A further type of behavioural strategy employed is a stimulus control method. This involves the client in deciding on a period of the day in which worrying will be carried out, carrying out monitoring of their daily worrying, and trying to only worry in the designated period. Then, in the designated period of worrying, clients practice their cognitive skills. Two other techniques used are behavioural activation strategies encouraging the client to engage in more pleasant activities and imagery rehearsal techniques which involve practicing new responses to environmental cues likely to cause worry (Borkovec, 2002). CBT Treatment of Psychosis Unlike the symptoms of anxiety which can be stated relatively succinctly, the experiences of those with psychosis vary to a large degree. Those with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, for example, can suffer from hallucinations, delusions, perceptual anomalies as well as some associated problems like depression and anxiety itself (Garety, Fowler Kuipers, 2000). The CBT therapist will, therefore, be targeting a greater variety of symptoms than with anxiety, and usually over a much longer period: perhaps three or more times as many sessions as for anxiety. The use of CBT in psychosis was nevertheless developed from the techniques used to treat conditions like depression and anxiety (Tarrier, 2002). CBT is generally used in addition to powerful antipsychotic medications and is aimed at helping clients to better cope with their psychoses. CBT has been investigated in a number of different patient groups, the largest body addresses those with chronic conditions that are treatment-resistan t, with studies generally finding it to be effective (Sensky et al., 2000). More recent studies have found it to be effective in acute and recent-onset schizophrenia (Lewis et al., 2002). The theoretical model for CBT in psychosis is necessarily much broader than that used for anxiety. While the relations between thoughts, feelings and behaviour are important, these have to be set against wider issues. The causes of psychosis are usually multi-factorial and thought to stem from the social environment, biological vulnerability and psychological processes (Garety et al., 2000; see also the stress-vulnerability model: Strauss Carpenter, 1981). In order to reach an effective case formulation, therefore, the therapist needs to examine the confluence of these different factors along with the clients stresses, vulnerabilities and responses. Like anxiety, at the centre of the cognitive model of psychosis lies the idea that the therapist can address all the different types of symptoms by examining cognitive processes. One example Garety et al. (2000) point to was made by Frith (1992), which claims that symptoms of thought insertion are a result of deficits in normal cognitive self-monitoring processes. Similarly, the anxious component of psychosis is seen as resulting from maladaptive appraisals. At heart, the theoretical model of CBT for psychosis relies on the same fundamentals as that for anxiety: that making the client aware of these problematic thought processes will provide some relief. Where it differs theoretically is that it is addressing a wider variety of factors social and biological as well as psychological and so the treatment has to reflect this fact. Turning now to the practical aspects of CBT for psychoses, Garety et al. (2000) outline a six-stage process. The first involves building and maintaining a therapeutic relationship. This was taken for granted in the discussion of anxiety because, to a therapist, this is a given. With psychotic clients, though, there are significantly greater barriers to the building of a therapeutic relationship. The client may well suffer psychotic symptoms during sessions as well as being paranoid about and suspicious of those trying to help them. The second stage is providing cognitive-behavioural coping strategies for the positive symptoms of psychosis (Garety et al., 2000). Similarly to anxiety treatment, this might include reality testing on delusional thoughts, self-monitoring of symptoms and using distraction and withdrawal (Phillips Francey, 2004). The third stage involves attempting to understand the experience of psychosis. Here, the therapist attempts to bring together strands from the clients life and experiences and link them to their psychotic symptoms. Further, however, the therapist also looks to provide some sort of normalisation to the already high level stigmatisation associated with psychosis. This third stage in treating psychosis differs considerably from the treatment of anxiety, which generally does not address wider social issues in depth. Fourthly, the therapist will specifically examine hallucinations and delusions (Garety et al., 2000). This will often be hard as the client will have developed a series of beliefs that are heavily reinforced. These are addressed using standard CBT techniques such as those used in anxiety. Where the approach for psychosis differs, however, is that attempts to change long-held thoughts are not made until well into the therapeutic process and the therapists manner is slower and softer. In addition, compared to CBT for anxiety, there is less emphasis on the patient generating their own alternative interpretations, and more on the therapist providing them. Some clients may not even agree their beliefs are delusional and so the therapist has to work within the boundaries set by the client. The fifth aspect of CBT for psychosis as laid out by Garety et al. (2000) focuses on depression, anxiety and negative self-evaluations. Those suffering from psychosis will often have low self-esteem. This can be the result of long-standing negative self-evaluations which can be targeted by cognitive therapy techniques of reviewing how they arose and then providing a challenge to the thinking. Both depression and anxiety are also treated in this way. Finally, Garety et al. (2000) look at issues of social desirability and risk of relapse. Throughout therapy, the therapist is looking to the future and helping the client to think about their short and medium-term plans. While Garety et al.s (2000) model is influential, it should be noted that the treatment of psychoses, like that for anxiety, is not monolithic there are a variety of different formulations and approaches. Some focus more on particular aspects such as the delusions or coping strategies. Garety et al. (2000) argue, however, that many treatments are now becoming more integrated in order to address the wide range of symptoms in psychosis. Outcomes and Comorbidity The outcome research varies across different types of psychosis and so it is difficult to compare with anxiety outcomes. A further complication is the different methods used and the rapidly developing nature of CBT as an intervention. Psychosis is certainly harder to work with than anxiety because of the sheer number of factors involved and, as a consequence, the outcomes are generally not nearly as good as those for anxiety. One clear similarity between the CBT treatment of psychosis and that for anxiety is their comorbidity in psychotic disorders. Looking across bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia, Cosoff Hafner (1998) found 43% to 45% of psychotic patients had a form of anxiety disorder. Indeed, in their sample, Cosoff Hafner (1998) found that, even though anxiety disorders are often responsive to treatment, none of the patients had been treated for it. Research has questioned whether anxiety might be a dimension of a psychotic disorder like schizophrenia while others suggest they form a subgroup of the patient population (Braga, Petrides Figueira, 2004). Supporting the dimensional view, Lysaker Hammersley (2006) have found a relationship between both delusions and inflexible thought (characteristic of psychosis) and higher levels of social anxiety. Further, looking at schizophrenia in particular, Braga, Petrides Figueira (2004) argue that much of the research shows better outcomes for those treated for comorbid anxiety. While the repertoire, order and specific implementation of techniques used in CBT differs between psychosis and anxiety, the therapeutic relationship will be central to success in both treatments. Factors that Beck Emery (1990) highlight include trust on the part of the client in the therapist, a collaborative approach and a focus on educational issues. Conclusion The treatment of both anxiety and psychosis with CBT is based on identical underlying principles. Theoretically, both approaches involve focussing on the types of attributions and automatic negative thoughts the client is experiencing as well as aspects of behaviour. Similarly, both approaches require a strong therapeutic alliance in order to be successful. The practical implementation of each intervention is, however, tailored for the disorder. The client suffering from psychosis is likely to have a much wider range of symptoms to deal with and, as such, CBT for psychosis generally takes longer and addresses more complex issues. Part of this will involve the therapist in attempting to understand and interpret the experience and causes of psychosis. This is in contrast to CBT for anxiety which will focus more on problem solving. There is evidence to suggest, however, that anxiety forms a part of certain psychoses, and in this situation its treatment should form part of a wider integr ated approach. Finally, outcomes in CBT for psychosis are generally more modest than in anxiety as psychotic symptoms are considerably more challenging for the therapist. References American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. Beck, A. T. (1976) Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press. Beck, A. T., Emery, G. (1990) Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. Cambridge: Perseus Books. Blackburn, I. M. (1995) Cognitive Therapy for Depression and Anxiety. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Borkovec, T. D. (2002) Psychological aspects and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. In: D. J. Nutt (Ed.). Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Symptomatology, Pathogenesis and Management. London: Taylor Francis. Braga, R. J., Petrides, G., Figueira, I. (2004) Anxiety disorders in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45(6), 460-468. Cosoff, S. J., Hafner, R. J. (1998) The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(1), 67-72. Fisher, P. L., Durham, R. C. (1999) Recovery rates in generalized anxiety disorder following psychological therapy: An analysis of clinically significant change in the STAI-T across outcome studies since 1990. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1425-1434. Frith, C. D. (1992) The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Garety, P. A., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E. (2000) Cognitive-behavioural therapy for people with psychosis. In: B. Martindale, A. Bateman, M. Crowe, F. Margison (Eds.). Psychosis: Psychological Approaches and Their Effectiveness Putting Psychotherapies at the Centre of Treatment. London: Gaskell. Graham, P. J. (2004) Introduction. In: P. J. Graham (Ed.). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children and Families. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, S. W., Tarrier, N., Haddock, G., Bentall, R., Kinderman, P., Kingdon, D., Siddle, R., Drake, R., Everitt, J., Leadley, K., Benn, A., Grazebrook, K., Haley, C., Akhtar, S., Davies, L., Palmer, S., Faragher, B., Dunn, G. (2002) A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy in early schizophrenia: acute phase outcomes in the SOCRATES trial. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 43, 91-97. Lysaker, P. H., Hammersley, J. (2006) Association of delusions and lack of cognitive flexibility with social anxiety in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 86(1-3), 147-53. Phillips, L. J., Francey, S. M. (2004) Changing PACE: Psychological interventions in the prepsychotic phase. In: P. D. McGorry (Ed.). Psychological Interventions in Early Psychosis: A Practical Treatment Handbook. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Sensky, T., Turkington, D., Kingdon, D., Scott, J. L., Siddle, R., OCarroll, M., Barnes, T. R. (2000) A randomised controlled trial of cognitive- behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 165-172. Strauss, J. S., Carpenter, W. T. (1981) Schizophrenia. New York: Plenum. Tarrier, N. (2002) Cognitive-behaviour therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. In: H. Hafner (Ed.). Risk and Protective Factors in Schizophrenia: Towards a Conceptual Model of the Disease Process. Berlin: Steinkopff Verlag. Wells, A. (1995) Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 301-320. Wells, A. (2002) Cognitive therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. In: F. W. Bond (Ed.) Handbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Southwest Airlines: Culture, Values and Operating Practices Southwest Airlines: Culture, Values and Operating Practices Rollin King planned to start low cost airlines that would shuttle passengers between San Antonio, Dallas and Houston. This idea came in his mind due to the complaint of businessmen about the delay of airlines. When all airlines were in losses at that time the Southwest Airlines were earning profit. It was because of the business strategy. They offered lowest and simple charges to get passengers to their destination on time and Muse wanted his executive team to be willing to think independently instead of worked on the institutional practices. One of the things that attract me a lot that there was a plan of profit sharing with senior employees that was first in the airline industry (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in crafting the companys strategy? What is it that you like or dislike about the strategy? Does Southwest have a winning strategy? Southwest airlines performed successful in the airlines industry. The company demonstrated the ability to quickly dominate markets. Here are some strategies that were really appreciable: Product Positioning Strategy: Southwest airlines carefully projected its image in front of customers and competitors. It offered ticketless travelling by not assigning seats to the passengers so that they could reach the destination on time (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). Price Strategy: Southwest airlines had offered the lowest domestic airlines charges. There was a plan of profit sharing with senior employees that was first in the airline industry (instituted in 1973) (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). Promotion Strategy: Southwest airlines wanted to concentrate more on customer preference and benefits. It encouraged its employees to dress casually at work and this created a positive image in front of the customers. (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). Digital Media Promotion: This was a first airline that developed a web site and online booking facility (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). One drawback of southwest airlines was that it was taking 6 to 12 rounds in a day. Fuel, air frames and diesel were very costly and southwest airline were not fully boarded. Hence the revenue generation was minimal and the airlines could not make sufficient profits (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 3 What are the key policies, procedures, operating practices, and core values underlying Southwests efforts to implement and execute its low-cost/no frills strategy? Some policies for the low cost are: The company was operating only one type of aircraft having 737 seats which minimized the spare parts, inventories, maintenance training, and proficient improvement. The company offered ticketless journey which eliminated the expenses of printing and processing paper tickets. The company was serving airports near metropolitan areas and medium sized cities that minimized fuel cost and helped to reach destination on time. Southwest was using point-to-point scheduling of flights instead of hub-and-spoke system which was more efficient in comparison with the later. Southwest didnt have first class section in any of the flights and offered only beverages and snacks (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 4 What are the key elements of Southwests culture? Is Southwest a strong culture company? Why or why not? What problems do you foresee that Gary Kelly has in sustaining the culture now that Herb Kelleher, the companys spiritual leader, has departed? The company provided free and satisfied environment to the employees. It had positive, innovative and simple culture which contributed to the growth of the company. (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). Garry Kelly was appointed as vice chairman of the board of directors in 2004. There are some problems that I foresee when Gary Kelly has sustaining the culture: Other rival airlines can copy their spirit and culture that can be problem for the company. Gary was applying changes according to his taste and the company was facing continuous changes. Hence it became difficult to survive in rapidly changing environment. There was no market stability because of the rapidly changes environment (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 5 What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in implementing and executing the companys strategy? Which of Southwests strategy execution approaches and operating practices do you believe have been most crucial in accounting for the success that Southwest has enjoyed in executing its strategy? Are the any policies, procedures, and operating approaches at Southwest that you disapprove of or that are not working well? The southwest management should get the highest grade in my opinion. Employees maintenance has been crucial in accounting for the success of southwest airlines. The strategy of lowest price with accommodation was very tough but the southwest airlines made it easy (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). I disapprove due to the following reasons: Southwest should try to expand its existing route. They didnt have Miami International airport as hub even though it is a city of population with a large number in and out flights. Another policy was that the fat people had to take two tickets for being able to sit comfortably in the airline. This was embarrassing to the people who were overweight (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 6 What weaknesses or problems do you see at Southwest Airlines as of mid-2010? There were some problems that came in the mid of 2010 at the southwest airlines: It depended on only one producer. Southwest was running only one flight of 737 seats there must be some optional flight. Booking of flights became difficult because southwest had eliminated the intervention of agents because of commission amount. Southwest were only focusing on the economy class but have no attention towards business class who were willing to pay for their seats. Money was not the big issue for them (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 7 Does the Air Tran acquisition make good strategic sense for Southwest? Southwest have a very distinctive and unique culture. The Air Tran acquisition put significant risk. Southwest has one type of plane 737. With the acquisition of Air Tran it started flying the 717 to Mexico and the Caribbean. It was a big shift for southwest (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). The main base of Air Tran was Atlanta that was a huge delta hub while southwest had started to fly their flights out of the United States. This proves that the acquisition made a good sense not only in business perspectives but also for maintaining the cost effectiveness of the service (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 8 What strategic issues and problems do Gary Kelly and Southwest executives need to address as they proceed to close the deal with the Air Tran acquisition and contemplate how best to integrate Air Trans operations and Air Trans employees into Southwest? Some problems that need to address Gary and the southwest executives are: Southwest needed to incorporate Air Tran employees into the culture of Southwest that was serving good customer service, lowest costs and lowest charges. To analyze the level of Air Tran employees and the Southwest employees. They have to look on the opportunities and try to enhance business share. They have to analyze that how to conduct flights outside the United States (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008). QUESTION 9 What recommendations would you make to Gary Kelly and Southwest executives as the company heads into 2011? The following are the recommendations for the company: The company has to work on the long term goals. Strategies should be made in accordance with the fuel prices which usually act as a barrier to conventional business growth. Provision should be made for reservations to be performed directly on the site of southwest.com without any intervention of third parties. There must be opportunity for internet marketing. The management of the company should start travelling outside the United States for increasing the market shares. The turnaround time should be improved. The prices of the services should be kept as low as possible. Offering of different types of seating classes with different rates should be helpful for increasing the revenue (Arthur A. Thompson, 2008).